Ocular toxocariasis masquerading as toxoplasmosis: a case report and literature review
Medical hypothesis, discovery & innovation in optometry,
Vol. 5 No. 2 (2024),
1 September 2024
,
Page 85-92
https://doi.org/10.51329/mehdioptometry202
Abstract
Background: False-negative and false-positive results in Toxoplasma serology are possible, and this could be misleading. Here, we report the case of a boy with Toxocara-associated panuveitis who was initially treated for toxoplasmosis owing to false-positive Toxoplasma immunoglobulin M (IgM) serology.Case Presentation: A nine-year-old boy presented with intermittent headaches and blurred vision in the left eye. Close contact with domesticated animals was remarkable in the patient’s history. Upon examination, vision was 20/400 in the left eye. Slit-lamp examination revealed anterior chamber cells and flare without keratic precipitates, with vitreous cells and veils, optic disc edema, and a blurred fundus appearance. A systemic investigation revealed the presence of anti-Toxoplasma IgM antibodies. Treatment was initiated using topical cycloplegic and corticosteroid eye drops, in addition to oral trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Oral corticosteroids were also administered. As the inflammation resolved, an inferior tractional detachment was detected on fundus examination, leading to the ultimate diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was positive for serum Toxocara antibodies. A fourteen-day course of oral albendazole was ordered by the pediatric infectious disease service because of the concern for visceral larva migrans, while topical eye drops were continued and oral prednisone was tapered. One month later, visual acuity in the left eye had improved to 20/70. The anterior chamber inflammation resolved; however, some vitreous cells and optic disc edema persisted. The inferior tractional detachment was much better visualized, and a peripheral granuloma was observed. Four months later, without any oral or topical medications, the patient’s visual acuity had improved to 20/30 and his eye had no active inflammation. The patient has been followed up for two years and has never developed any other lesions.
Conclusions: False-positive results on Toxoplasma serology and diffuse vitritis from toxocariasis that limited retinal visualization complicated the initial diagnosis in this case. In diagnosing the etiology of uveitis, ocular examination and detailed history taking should be emphasized, as laboratory results may be misleading.
Keywords:
- toxocaras
- toxocara cani
- toxoplasma gondii infection
- ocular toxoplasmosis
- albendazole monohydrochloride
- steroid
- cycloplegic
- uveitides
- panuveitis
- retinal detachments
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8. Holland GN. Ocular toxoplasmosis: a global reassessment. Part I: epidemiology and course of disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003 Dec;136(6):973-88. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2003.09.040. PMID: 14644206.
9. Dhakal R, Gajurel K, Pomares C, Talucod J, Press CJ, Montoya JG. Significance of a Positive Toxoplasma Immunoglobulin M Test Result in the United States. J Clin Microbiol. 2015 Nov;53(11):3601-5. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01663-15. Epub 2015 Sep 9. PMID: 26354818; PMCID: PMC4609698.
10. Glazer-Hockstein C, Brucker AJ. The detection of a relative afferent pupillary defect. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002 Jul;134(1):142-3. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9394(02)01503-9. PMID: 12095831.
11. Leveque TK (2021). 'Pediatric Posterior and Panuveitis', American Academy of Ophthalmology Website. Available at: https://www.aao.org/education/disease-review/pediatric-posterior-panuveitis (Accessed: March 30, 2024).
12. Chen A, Dang S, Chung MM, Ramchandran RS, Bessette AP, DiLoreto DA, Kleinman DM, Sridhar J, Wykoff CC, Kuriyan AE. Quantitative Comparison of Fundus Images by 2 Ultra-Widefield Fundus Cameras. Ophthalmol Retina. 2021 May;5(5):450-457. doi: 10.1016/j.oret.2020.08.017. Epub 2020 Aug 29. PMID: 32866664; PMCID: PMC8501635.
13. Pinelli E, Aranzamendi C. Toxocara infection and its association with allergic manifestations. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2012 Mar;12(1):33-44. doi: 10.2174/187153012799278956. PMID: 22214330.
14. Jones JL, Kruszon-Moran D, Elder S, Rivera HN, Press C, Montoya JG, McQuillan GM. Toxoplasma gondii Infection in the United States, 2011-2014. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018 Feb;98(2):551-557. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0677. Epub 2017 Dec 14. Erratum in: Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018 Jul;99(1):241-242. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0677err. PMID: 29260660; PMCID: PMC5929212.
15. Mazur-Melewska K, Mania A, Figlerowicz M, Kemnitz P, S?u?ewski W, Michalak M. The influence of age on a clinical presentation of Toxocara spp. infection in children. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2012;19(2):233-6. PMID: 22742793.
16. de Visser L, Rothova A, de Boer JH, van Loon AM, Kerkhoff FT, Canninga-van Dijk MR, Weersink AY, de Groot-Mijnes JD. Diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis by establishing intraocular antibody production. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008 Feb;145(2):369-74. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2007.09.020. Epub 2007 Dec 3. PMID: 18061138.
17. Masoumi Asl H Md Mph, Alborzi A Md, Pourabbas B PhD, Kalani M MSc. QuantiFERON-TB Gold and Tuberculin Skin Test for the Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Children. Iran J Med Sci. 2015 Sep;40(5):411-7. PMID: 26379347; PMCID: PMC4567600.
18. Debulpaep S, Corbière V, Levy J, Schelstraete P, Vanden Driessche K, Mascart F, Mouchet F. Contribution of QuantiFERON-TB Gold-in-Tube to the Diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Young Children in a Low TB Prevalence Country. Front Pediatr. 2019 Jul 18;7:291. doi: 10.3389/fped.2019.00291. PMID: 31380325; PMCID: PMC6657736.
19. Schallhorn JM, Gonzales J. Ocular toxoplasmosis: the treatment dilemma. J AAPOS. 2013 Oct;17(5):454-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2013.08.001. PMID: 24160961.
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